虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的后果外文及翻譯

1、<p><b>　　虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的后果</b></p><p>　　1.欺詐和欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告</p><p>　　從廣義上講，欺詐可能被定義為故意以不正當(dāng)行為或非法手段獲得的增益以及優(yōu)勢。這可能包括：（魯賓G . A .，2007）財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告舞弊；挪用資產(chǎn)（在內(nèi)部或外部的系統(tǒng)中做出，如：貪污，工資欺詐和盜竊等行為）；獲得非法資產(chǎn)或進(jìn)行不道德的活動（如：利用過度

2、的客戶結(jié)算或欺詐性的銷售行為）；用于非法目的的費(fèi)用（商業(yè)和公共賄賂以及其他不正當(dāng)支付系統(tǒng)）；欺瞞獲得的收入或有意回避成本（在系統(tǒng)實(shí)體中對員工或第三方欺詐，或當(dāng)一個實(shí)體通過一定手段故意避免成本，如收入稅和銷售稅）；對公司的欺詐行為（例如假冒生產(chǎn)者故意侵犯知識產(chǎn)權(quán)）?？梢酝ㄟ^對該部門機(jī)構(gòu)的制度的完整性的認(rèn)識來調(diào)查它的欺詐行為。它在調(diào)查了世界銀行集團(tuán)和銀行的融資項(xiàng)目后，指控了他們的欺詐和腐敗行為，認(rèn)定了哪些行為可以被認(rèn)為行為是在銀行系統(tǒng)中的欺

3、詐或腐敗行為：（Banca銀行,蒙迪艾爾.2009）拍賣欺詐，在拍賣中理解所有的參與者，在合同執(zhí)行中的欺詐，避免對合同執(zhí)行的審計(jì)，做出不適當(dāng)?shù)膬r格和伙伴關(guān)系，讓審計(jì)人員誤判合同中的成本和工作，并對審計(jì)人員進(jìn)行賄賂，錯誤地使用世界銀行的資金或自己的立場，這就是在運(yùn)動，偷竊和欺騙的情況下的欺詐。雖然所有類別的欺詐都可</p><p>　　在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中欺詐行為的基礎(chǔ)是肇事者（董事，審計(jì)人員，員工等）錯誤地提出了現(xiàn)實(shí)的自

4、覺意圖。但錯誤地提出現(xiàn)實(shí)的自覺意圖的原因可能是欺詐財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中任何一項(xiàng)不當(dāng)資產(chǎn)的回收。因此，“欺詐性報(bào)告僅指故意歪曲，包括遺漏大量財(cái)務(wù)信息旨在誤導(dǎo)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的使用者”也可譯為（波帕一人，鋁。羅斯·，2009）：操縱，偽造，偽造或更改文件或證明文件，錯誤或遺漏的事件、交易或信息，故意濫用會計(jì)原則與價值、分類、方式介紹或信息傳遞，虛擬條目記錄（年底）操縱結(jié)果或達(dá)到其他目標(biāo)，調(diào)整不正確的假設(shè)和判斷來估計(jì)帳戶余額，遺漏、發(fā)展或拖延承認(rèn)事件

5、或交易發(fā)生在報(bào)告所述期間，隱瞞或保密的事實(shí)可能影響的數(shù)量記錄在財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，在改變記錄或條件的重大交易中；進(jìn)行復(fù)雜的交易旨在歪曲實(shí)體的財(cái)務(wù)狀況或性能。關(guān)注不當(dāng)資產(chǎn)回收，反對虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告包括（Popa I., Man Al. Rus A., 2009）：過去為收回收入（收入來自無擔(dān)保債權(quán)人）；盜竊實(shí)物資產(chǎn)或產(chǎn)權(quán)，用沒有進(jìn)入會計(jì)賬戶的商品或服務(wù)支付給虛擬供應(yīng)商；使用個人資產(chǎn)（包括個人貸款擔(dān)保），假記錄來彌補(bǔ)虧損。這些行為往往是次要的，通常是由員

6、工雖然有時，經(jīng)理人自己參與此類活動。侵占資產(chǎn)也可能</p><p>　　2.提高財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告舞弊的因素</p><p>　　根據(jù)國家委員會進(jìn)行的研究報(bào)告指出金融欺詐者（或特雷德韋委員會）的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告舞弊的發(fā)生通常存在者某些環(huán)境和機(jī)遇，機(jī)構(gòu)或個人的力量。這些力量的消漲增加企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)壓力和擾亂了企業(yè)的獎勵措施，鼓勵了個人和公司從事欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告。當(dāng)正確的力量對比達(dá)成時，它已經(jīng)讓企業(yè)產(chǎn)生了虛假的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)

7、告（虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告全國委員會的報(bào)告，1987）。從1950起，教授唐納德·克雷西就開始研究導(dǎo)致企業(yè)犯下欺詐行為的三因素。根據(jù)他的研究，他得出當(dāng)欺詐行為的發(fā)生，有三個因素共同行動：意圖（預(yù)謀），機(jī)會和壓力，稱為欺詐三角的結(jié)論?！保ㄒ妶D1）。</p><p>　　雖然以上因素形成的“欺詐三角”，這些因素是足夠表達(dá)一個發(fā)生在任何時間的欺詐。但是這些因素卻并不能說明他們對于欺詐行為的作用順序是怎樣的，從而達(dá)到了解

8、欺詐行為的發(fā)生。（蘇丹灣，2008）</p><p>　　機(jī)會或壓力是第一影響因素，個人發(fā)生欺詐行為是一般是因?yàn)檫^度的壓力，實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)的獎勵的誘導(dǎo)下，為了實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)，把不切實(shí)際的樂觀消息發(fā)布在年度報(bào)告。此外，一個公司可能受到威脅和壓力，因?yàn)榧ち业母偁帲驗(yàn)槭袌鲲柡突蛲蝗坏淖兓?，因?yàn)槠髽I(yè)的并購（兼并），從而需要進(jìn)行融資或使得企業(yè)的現(xiàn)金流出現(xiàn)問題。從而產(chǎn)生了甚至讓誠實(shí)的人都會進(jìn)行詐騙的環(huán)境中。</p>

9、<p>　　機(jī)會是指那些使得欺詐更加的容易發(fā)生，而且讓他做出欺詐的決定所面臨的困難更少（Hooper J. M., Forneli C. M, 2010）。因此，無效的控制或無控制主張欺詐意圖。這些因素可以直接相關(guān)的監(jiān)管不力的管理或無效的董事會和審計(jì)委員會監(jiān)督報(bào)告和內(nèi)部控制。</p><p>　　態(tài)度或預(yù)謀是觸發(fā)欺詐行為的重要因素，它是指行為人必須具有一個將要進(jìn)行詐騙行為的心態(tài)。檢測危險(xiǎn)因素決定董

10、事會成員，管理，員工傾向于這樣的意圖可能是相當(dāng)困難的。所以當(dāng)一個公司監(jiān)控和過程阻止和發(fā)現(xiàn)欺詐行為，它必須遵循三方面，因?yàn)槠墼p涉及獎勵或壓力犯下欺詐行為，認(rèn)為這樣做的機(jī)會，和一些推理（蘇丹B .，2008）。</p><p>　　3.是誰編制的虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告以及如何編制虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告</p><p>　　據(jù)報(bào)道美國國家委員會所研究的大多數(shù)的虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告中，公司的管理者，如行政總裁，總裁和首席財(cái)務(wù)

11、官，都是虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告編制的參與者，都可以被稱為欺詐者。因?yàn)樵谝话闱闆r下，他們都能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)是否故意虛假披露會計(jì)文件和偽造的記錄。此外，委員會的研究還表明，雖然虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的作者在作虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告時都采用了不同的方式，但是他們行動的目的都總是為了夸大公司其資產(chǎn)或高估或平滑收益。此外，虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告并不總是在一開始就公開扭曲財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表，并且能夠讓人一下辨認(rèn)出來。在許多情況下，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告舞弊行為發(fā)生的峰值點(diǎn)都是在一些旨在解決經(jīng)營困難的財(cái)務(wù)指標(biāo)上。最初

12、，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告在峰值點(diǎn)只是可能成為虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的問題點(diǎn)，但他們讓可能成為虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的問題點(diǎn)成為了現(xiàn)實(shí)，特別是在企業(yè)的管理當(dāng)局允許或鼓勵這種欺詐活動時，這就使得欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告產(chǎn)生了。因此，我們可以說，參與欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告潛在罪犯的人員基本上集中于高級管理層和員工之間的中層人員。在描述如何在犯下欺詐行為的虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的一本書中(Zabihollah R., 2005)）使用的一個專業(yè)術(shù)語。財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告舞弊特征或稱為”盈余管理”（阮光，2008）。

13、然而“盈余管理”并不一定就指</p><p>　　一個涉嫌欺詐財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表實(shí)際案例中一種被叫做“時間化”的技術(shù)（亞力山大，2007）。這項(xiàng)技術(shù)是指管理人員通過一定的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制方法，將業(yè)績不好的一段時間的財(cái)務(wù)信息隱藏起來。這種方法是通過操縱盈余，使得財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告顯示出企業(yè)的盈余有一個隨著時間的推移穩(wěn)步增加的趨勢。由于投資者對于企業(yè)盈利的降低會有消極的反應(yīng)，會讓他們認(rèn)為這樣的企業(yè)是不安全和危險(xiǎn)的。因此企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告顯示企業(yè)

14、盈余隨時間的推移穩(wěn)步增加的情況，才會讓投資者最終滿意，并讓企業(yè)股票保持在較高的價格上。</p><p>　　另一種形式的欺詐行為被稱為 “大坑 ”（Hooper J. M., Forneli C. M, 2010），就是在編制虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告時，企業(yè)通過操縱損益，使得企業(yè)在國家形勢非常好的情況下，讓企業(yè)的收益顯得比實(shí)際情況要糟。使得投資者會認(rèn)為企業(yè)遭到了重大損失，他們就會認(rèn)為國家的大好形勢會提高企業(yè)的收益。由于這一造

15、假，會使得企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告未來的成本降低和利潤增加更加的自然。換句話說，公司需要一個坑洞?！霸谝荒昃涂梢员砻?，未來利潤必然是會增加的?！?lt;/p><p>　　Zabihollah Rezaee研究表明（2005）了最常見的欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表編制所使用的方法，80%的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表舞弊都是通過一定的方法造成資產(chǎn)的夸大收入，而剩下的20%則是由于低估了負(fù)債和費(fèi)用。</p><p>　　4.欺詐性財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的

16、受害者</p><p>　　財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表的編制至少一年一次的目的是滿足一些潛在用戶的共同的信息需求。對于許多的投資者來說，財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表是作為企業(yè)財(cái)務(wù)信息的主要來源，因此對于投資者的決策具有極大的影響。（參見圖2）</p><p>　　投資者當(dāng)然是虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告第一個受害者。如果公司盈利被夸大了，使得投資者購買該企業(yè)的股票，那就可以算是被欺詐了，如果公司的收益是被低估了，那么投資者的利益就是被公司隱瞞

17、而失去的。然而，他們并不是唯一被虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告影響的。受害者還包括其他依賴公司的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告信息的公司，如：銀行和其他提供資金給該公司的金融機(jī)構(gòu)，對于會因?yàn)楣緲I(yè)績影響的供應(yīng)商和客戶，合作伙伴，提供投資咨詢有關(guān)信息的金融分析師和證券發(fā)行人，律師和可能因?yàn)榘l(fā)布在保險(xiǎn)公司的索賠。為了避免因?yàn)槭芎φ叩匚坏亩沟檬芎φ呤艿教摷儇?cái)務(wù)報(bào)告的影響。任何用戶，無論是金融家，借款人，保險(xiǎn)公司，投資者或股東，都可以觀看企業(yè)的總的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告讓大家可以仔細(xì)分析企業(yè)的財(cái)

18、務(wù)報(bào)告從而發(fā)現(xiàn)企業(yè)的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告欺詐，或者確定下列可以被視為欺詐的情形（Weir J.,2009）：公司報(bào)告利潤卻不是很好，現(xiàn)金流量很大，毛利水平仍然很高，即使該公司面臨來自穩(wěn)定物價的市場壓力；債務(wù)水平上升，而銷售則是不變或下降；本公司是接近或違背銀行的協(xié)定；有一個明顯的年末調(diào)整；存在大量的對于高管的獎金。</p><p><b>　　結(jié)論</b></p><p>　　雖

19、然實(shí)現(xiàn)財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告所謂的“欺詐行為”是指短期成果“盈余”，但是通過他們作用我們可以得出以下后果：虛假財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告會破壞信譽(yù)，質(zhì)量，透明度和完整的財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)告程序；危害審計(jì)職業(yè)特別是審計(jì)和審計(jì)事務(wù)所的完整性和客觀性；削弱了資本市場的信心，以及和財(cái)務(wù)信息的可靠性；降低了資本市場效率；不利影響經(jīng)濟(jì)增長；產(chǎn)生了巨大的訴訟費(fèi)用；破壞人的職業(yè)參與欺詐財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表；他們因?yàn)槠飘a(chǎn)或重大經(jīng)濟(jì)損失涉及公司財(cái)務(wù)報(bào)表欺詐；削弱了公眾的信心和信任，。</p>&l

20、t;p>　　THE CONSEQUENCES OF FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING</p><p>　　Lecturer PhD. Mariana VLAD</p><p>　　Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, .tefan cel Mare” University of Suceava, R

21、omania </p><p>　　marianav@seap.usv.ro</p><p>　　Associate Professor PhD. Mihaela TULVINSCHI</p><p>　　Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, .tefan cel Mare” University of Su

22、ceava, Romania </p><p>　　mihaelat@seap.usv.ro</p><p>　　Assistant PhD. Student Irina CHIRI..</p><p>　　Faculty of Economics and Public Administration, .tefan cel Mare” University of S

23、uceava, Romania </p><p>　　irinachirita@seap.usv.ro</p><p>　　1. FRAUD AND FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><p>　　Broadly speaking, fraud may be defined as an intentional act to gai

24、n an advantage by an unfair or unlawful gain. It may include: (Rubin G. A., 2007) fraudulent financial reporting; misappropriation of assets (inside or outside the system, such as: embezzlement, payroll fraud and theft);

25、 revenue or assets acquired from illegal or unethical activities (excessive customer billing or fraudulent sales practices); costs for illicit purposes (commercial and public bribery as well as other improper paym</p&

26、gt;<p>　　Fraud in financial reporting is based on conscious intent of the perpetrator (directors, auditors, employees, etc.) to wrongfully present the reality. But the intended act to wrongfully presenting the rea

27、lity may be the cause of either fraudulent financial reporting either of undue assets reclaims. Therefore, “fraudulent reporting only refers to intentional misrepresentation, including omissions of amounts designed to mi

28、slead the users of the financial statements” can be translated as (Popa I., </p><p>　　2. FACTORS THAT ENHANCED FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL REPORTING</p><p>　　According to studies conducted by the Natio

29、nal Commission on Reporting Financial Fraudster in America (or Treadway Commission) fraudulent financial reporting usually occurs as a result of certain environmental forces and opportunities, institutional or individual

30、. These forces and opportunities add pressures and incentives that encourage individuals and companies to engage in fraudulent financial reporting. When the right mix of forces and opportunities is reached, it can produc

31、e fraudulent fina</p><p>　　Although the factors above are forming the "fraud triangle", it’s sufficient that one to take place at a time, for fraud to occur. The sequence steps in order to exercise

32、 the act of fraud are recounted below (Soltani B., 2008) </p><p>　　Incentives or pressures are the first factors that influence individuals to commit fraud and it refers to excessive pressure to achieve fina

33、ncial targets, to induce optimistic and unrealistic messages in annual reports. In addition, a firm may be threatened and pressured also by intense competition, by market saturation or sudden changes, acquisitions (merge

34、rs), the financing need or cash flow problems. Even otherwise honest individuals can commit fraud in an environment that imposes such threat</p><p>　　Opportunity refers to those factors that enable "fra

35、ud to be more easily committed and detection less probable (Hooper J. M., Forneli C. M, 2010).Therefore, ineffective controls or absence of control favors fraud intentions. These factors can be related directly to inadeq

36、uate monitoring by management or the ineffectiveness of the board of directors or of the audit committee to oversee the reporting and the internal control.</p><p>　　Attitude or premeditation is the trigger f

37、actor of the fraud act and refers to the fact that the perpetrator must have a mindset that would justify or premeditate the act of fraud. Detection of risk factors that determine board members, management, employees to

38、be predisposed to such intent may be quite difficult. So when a company monitors people and processes to discourage and detect fraud, it must follow the three aspects, because fraud involves incentives or pressure to com

39、mit a fraudulent a</p><p>　　3. WHO AND HOW COMMITS FRAUDULENT FINANCIAL STATEMENTS</p><p>　　According to the Report of the USA National Commission on Fraudster Financial Reporting in the majorit

40、y of the studied cases, the company’s management, such as chief executive, president and chief financial officer, were the fraudulent perpetrators. In some cases, it was found that there were made intentional false discl

41、osures from the accountant throughout falsified documents and records Furthermore, the committee studies have shown that while the authors of fraudulent financial reporting have </p><p>　　A practical case of

42、 committing fraud in financial statements is .time uniformization of revenue”(Alexander D., 2007). This technique is used by managers to hide some bad periods and involve a manipulation of earnings to show that there was

43、 a steady increase over time, although not stated by facts. Given the fact that investors react negatively to the earnings of companies which they perceive as unsafe and risky, standardization of revenue finally meets th

44、e satisfaction of investors and maintains</p><p>　　Another form of fraud known as “big bath behavior” (Hooper J. M., Forneli C. M, 2010), occurs when companies manipulate the profit and loss account, to make

45、 the years in which the situation has been very good to seem worse than it really is. Therefore, taking into account the significant losses, they hope to consolidate and to wipe them all at once. As a result of this acti

46、on, future costs are reduced and natural profits implicitly increased. In other words, the company takes a .big bath” in one</p><p>　　4. VICTIMS OF FRAUDULENT REPORTING</p><p>　　Financial statem

47、ents are prepared and presented at least once a year and aim to meet the information needs common to a number of potential users. Many visitors take the financial statements presented as the main source of financial info

48、rmation and therefore a misrepresentation may affect decisions. (See figure 2) </p><p>　　Investors are of course the first victims of fraudulent financial reporting. If company earnings are overstated, inves

49、tors who buy are deceived and if earnings are understated, the buyers are those who will lose. However they are not the only ones that bear the immediate and harmful effects. The victim list includes others who rely on i

50、nformation from the company's financial reports: banks and other financial institutions lend funds to the company, suppliers, customers seeking to make performanc</p><p>　　CONCLUSIONS ：</p><p&

51、gt;　　Although the achievement of financial reporting by so-called "fraudulent scheme" refers to short-term achievement of "management earnings ", they may draw the following consequences in time: unde

52、rmines the credibility, quality, transparency and integrity of financial reporting process; endangers the integrity and objectivity of the auditing profession, especially auditors and audit firms; diminishes the confiden