大學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)英語(yǔ)讀寫(xiě)教程 下冊(cè) 課文翻譯

1、Reading1WHATISSTRESSThetermstresshasbeendefinedinseveraldifferentways.sometimesthetermisappliedtostimulieventsinourenvironmentthatmakephysicalemotionaldemsonussometimesitisappliedtoouremotionalphysicalreactionstosuchstim

2、uli.inthisdiscussionwewillrefertotheenvironmentalstimulieventsasstressstotheemotionalphysicalreactionsasstress.壓力這個(gè)詞已經(jīng)有幾種不同的定義。有時(shí)候這個(gè)術(shù)語(yǔ)適用于我們環(huán)境中的刺激或事件，這些刺激或事件會(huì)對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生身體和情感方面的要求，有時(shí)也適用于我們對(duì)這種刺激的情緒和身體反應(yīng)。在這個(gè)討論中，我們將環(huán)境刺激或事件稱(chēng)為壓力，并將情

3、緒和身體上的反應(yīng)稱(chēng)為壓力。Manystsofeventsbestresssincludingdisasterssuchashurricanestnadoesmajlifeeventssuchasdivcethelossofajobdailyhasslessuchashavingtowaitinlineatthesupermarketwhenyouneedtobesomewhereelsein10minutes.Whatallthisev

4、entshaveincommonisthattheyinterferewiththreatouraccustomedwayoflife.whenweencountersuchstressswemustpulltogetherourmentalphysicalresourcesindertodealwiththechallenge.Howwellwesucceedindoingsowilldeterminehowseriousatollt

5、hestresswilltakeonourmentalphysicalwellbeing.許多事件都是壓力源，包括災(zāi)難，如颶風(fēng)或龍卷風(fēng)重大生活事件，如離婚或失業(yè)每天都有麻煩，比如當(dāng)你要在10分鐘內(nèi)到別的地方去卻不得不在超市排隊(duì)等。所有這些事件都有共同之處，就是它們干涉或威脅我們習(xí)慣的生活方式。當(dāng)我們遇到這樣的壓力時(shí)，我們必須整合我們的精神和物質(zhì)資源來(lái)應(yīng)對(duì)挑戰(zhàn)。我們?nèi)绾纬晒Φ刈龅竭@一點(diǎn)將決定壓力對(duì)我們身心健康將產(chǎn)生多大的影響。Reacti

6、ngtostresssTheCanadianphysiologistHansSeylehasbeenthemostinfluentialwriteronstress.Seyleproposedthatbothhumansotheranimalsreacttoanystressinthreestagescollectivelyknownasthegeneraladaptationsyndrome.thefirststagewhenthep

7、ersonanimalbecomesawareofthestressisthealarmreaction.Inthisstagetheganismbecomeshighlyalertarousedenergizedbyaburstofepinephrine.Afterthealarmreactioncomesthestageofresistanceastheganismtriestoadapttothestressfulstimulus

8、toescapefromit.Iftheseefftsaresuccessfulthestateoftheganismreturnstonmal.Iftheganismcannotadapttothecontinuingstresshoweveritentersastageofexhaustioncollapse.加拿大生理學(xué)家HansSeyle在壓力方面一直是最有影響力的作家。塞爾提出，人類(lèi)和其他動(dòng)物在三個(gè)階段對(duì)任何壓力源作出反應(yīng)，統(tǒng)

9、稱(chēng)為一般適應(yīng)綜合癥。第一階段，當(dāng)人或動(dòng)物意識(shí)到應(yīng)激源時(shí)，就是警報(bào)反應(yīng)。在這個(gè)階段，機(jī)體變得高度警覺(jué)和激起，并被一陣腎上腺素所激發(fā)。當(dāng)警報(bào)反應(yīng)進(jìn)入抵抗階段后，機(jī)體試圖適應(yīng)壓力刺激或逃避壓力。如果這些努力成功，機(jī)體的狀態(tài)就會(huì)恢復(fù)正常。然而，如果生物體不能適應(yīng)持續(xù)的壓力，它就進(jìn)入衰竭或崩潰的階段。Seyledevelopedhismodelofthegeneraladaptationsyndromeasaresultofresearchwit

10、hratsotheranimals.Inratscertainstressssuchaspainfultailpullingconsistentlyledtothesamestsofstressreactionsinhumanshoweveritishardertopredictwhatwillbestressfultoaparticularpersonataparticulartime.Whetheraparticularstimul

11、uswillbestressfuldependsontheperson’ssubjectiveappraisalofthatstimulus.HowthreateningisitHowwellhaveIhledthisstofthinginthepasthowwellwillIbeabletohleitthistimefonepersonbeingdegreeofcontrolratherthanbeingpassivehelpless

12、victims.suchasenseofcontrolcanhelpminimizethenegativeconsequencesofstressbothpsychologicalphysical.inonewellknownexperimentJayWeissadministeredelectricshockstopairsofrats.Ineachpaironeofthetwoanimalswasgivenadegreeofcont

13、roloverthesituationitcouldreachthroughaholeinthecagepressapanelthatwouldturnofftheshockbothfitselffitspartner.Thusthetworatsreceivedexactlythesamenumberofshocksbutonewaspassivehelplesstheotherwasincontrol.afteracontinuou

14、s21hoursessiontheanimalsweresacrificedtheirstomachsexaminedfulcers.thoseratsthatcouldexertcontrolhadmuchlessulcerationthantheirhelplesspartners.人們應(yīng)對(duì)壓力的能力的一個(gè)重要影響是他們覺(jué)得自己可以對(duì)局勢(shì)進(jìn)行控制的程度。當(dāng)動(dòng)物和人類(lèi)覺(jué)得自己可以行使某種程度的控制權(quán)，而不是被動(dòng)和無(wú)助的受害者時(shí)，動(dòng)物和

15、人類(lèi)都能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)痛苦或威脅的刺激。這種控制感可以幫助最大限度地減少心理和生理壓力的負(fù)面影響。在一個(gè)眾所周知的實(shí)驗(yàn)中，杰伊韋斯（JayWeiss）對(duì)成對(duì)的老鼠進(jìn)行電擊。在每一對(duì)中，兩只動(dòng)物中的一只受到一定程度的控制，它可以通過(guò)籠子里的一個(gè)洞，并按下一個(gè)面板，可以為自己和它的伙伴關(guān)閉震動(dòng)。因此，這兩只老鼠受到的沖擊數(shù)量完全相同，但是一只被動(dòng)無(wú)助，另一只控制住了。連續(xù)21小時(shí)后，將動(dòng)物處死并檢查其胃部是否潰瘍。那些可以控制的老鼠比他們無(wú)助的

16、伴侶潰瘍要少得多。Theabilitytocontrolpainfulstimulioftenbenefitshumanstoo.FexampletheloudmusiccomingintoyourearsfromyouriPodisprobablynotstressfulinfactitsquiteenjoyable.butthesamemusiccomingfromyourneighbshousecanbeterriblystres

17、sful.merelyknowingthatonecancontrolanoisemakesitlessbothersome.That’sonereasonwhyyourloudmusicdoesnotbotheryouyouknowyoucanturnitoff.控制疼痛刺激的能力也經(jīng)常使人類(lèi)受益。例如，從你的iPod進(jìn)入你的耳朵大聲的音樂(lè)可能沒(méi)有壓力，事實(shí)上，這是相當(dāng)愉快的。但是來(lái)自你鄰居家的同樣的音樂(lè)可能會(huì)讓你非常緊張。只知道一個(gè)

18、人能控制噪音會(huì)減少麻煩。這就是為什么你的嘈雜音樂(lè)不會(huì)打擾你你知道你可以把它關(guān)掉。Predictability可預(yù)測(cè)性Evenwhenyoucannotcontrolthemunpleasanteventstendtobelessstressfuliftheyarepredictableifyouatleastknowwhentheywilloccur.ThiswasdemonstratedbyWeissinanotherstudywit

19、hrats.Onegroupofratsheardabuzzerabout10secondsbefetheywouldreceiveashockalthoughtheanimalscouldnotescapetheshockatleasttheyhadachancetopreparethemselvesftheexpectedpain.AsecondgroupofratsreceivednosuchwarningsTheshocksca

20、meunpredictably.Weissfoundthattheratsthatwerefewarnedoftheshocksdevelopedfewerulcersthantheratsthatwerenotfewarned.Thisfindinghasparallelsinhumanlife.thedeathofalovedonefexampleisusuallylesstraumaticwhenitisanticipatedth

21、anwhenitisunexpected.Onalesstragiclevelmanystudentsfindsurprisequizzestobemeupsettingthanscheduledquizzesthattheycanpreparef.即使你無(wú)法控制他們，如果不愉快的事件是可預(yù)測(cè)的，那么往往會(huì)減輕壓力如果你至少知道他們什么時(shí)候會(huì)發(fā)生。Weiss在另外一項(xiàng)關(guān)于老鼠的研究中證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn)。一組老鼠在接到電擊前約10秒鐘聽(tīng)到蜂鳴聲