2023年全國碩士研究生考試考研英語一試題真題（含答案詳解+作文范文）_第1頁
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1、MicrocomputerSystemronicsystemsareusedfhinginfmationinthemostgeneralsensethisinfmationmaybetelephoneconversationinstrumentreadacompany’saccountsbutineachcasethesamemaintypeofoperationareinvolved:theprocessingstagetransmi

2、ssionofinfmation.inconventionalelectronicdesigntheseoperationsarecombinedatthefunctionlevelfexampleacounterwhetherelectronicmechanicalstesthecurrentincrementsitbyoneasrequired.Asystemsuchasanelectronicclockwhichemploysco

3、untershasitsstageprocessingcapabilitiesspreadthroughoutthesystembecauseeachcounterisabletosteprocessnumbers.Presentdaymicroprocessbasedsystemsdepartfromthisconventionalapproachbyseparatingthethreefunctionsofprocessingsta

4、getransmissionintodifferentsectionofthesystem.ThispartitioningintothreemainfunctionswasdevisedbyVonNeumannduringthe1940swasnotconceivedespeciallyfmicrocomputers.Almosteverycomputerevermadehasbeendesignedwiththisstructure

5、despitetheenmousrangeintheirphysicalfmstheyhaveallbeenofessentiallythesamebasicdesign.Inamicroprocessbasedsystemtheprocessingwillbeperfmedinthemicroprocessitself.Thestagewillbebymeansofmemycircuitsthecommunicationofinfma

6、tionintooutofthesystemwillbebymeansofspecialinputoutput(IO)circuits.Itwouldbeimpossibletoidentifyaparticularpieceofhardwarewhichperfmedthecountinginamicroprocessbasedclockbecausethetimewouldbestedinthememyincrementedatre

7、gularintervalsbutthemicroprocess.Howeverthesoftwarewhichdefinedthesystem’sbehaviwouldcontainsectionsthatperfmedascounters.Theapparentlyratherabstractapproachtothearchitectureofthemicroprocessitsassociatedcircuitsallowsit

8、tobeveryflexibleinusesincethesystemisdefinedalmostentirelysoftware.ThedesignprocessislargelyoneofsoftwareengineeringthesimilarROMs.ThewidelyusedprogrammableROMsareerasablebymeansofspecialultravioletlampsarereferredtoasEP

9、ROMsshtfErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemies.OthernewtypesofdevicecanbeerasedelectricallywithouttheneedfultravioletlightwhicharecalledElectricallyErasableProgrammableReadOnlyMemiesEEPROMs.Themicroprocessprocessesdataundert

10、hecontroloftheprogramcontrollingtheflowofinfmationtofrommemyinputoutputdevices.Someinputoutputdevicesaregeneralpurposetypeswhileothersaredesignedfcontrollingspecialhardwaresuchasdiscdrivescontrollinginfmationtransmission

11、toothercomputers.MosttypesofIOdevicesareprogrammabletosomeextentallowingdifferentmodesofoperationwhilesomeactuallycontainspecialpurposemicroprocessstopermitquitecomplexoperationstobecarriedoutwithoutdirectlyinvolvingthem

12、ainmicroprocess.Themicroprocessprocessesdataunderthecontroloftheprogramcontrollingtheflowofinfmationtofrommemyinputoutputdevices.Someinputoutputdevicesaregeneralpurposetypeswhileothersaredesignedfcontrollingspecialhardwa

13、resuchasdiscdrivescontrollinginfmationtransmissiontoothercomputers.MosttypesofIOdevicesareprogrammabletosomeextentallowingdifferentmodesofoperationwhilesomeactuallycontainspecialpurposemicroprocessstopermitquitecomplexop

14、erationstobecarriedoutwithoutdirectlyinvolvingthemainmicroprocess.Themicroprocessmemyinputoutputcircuitmayallbecontainedonthesameintegratedcircuitprovidedthattheapplicationdoesnotrequiretoomuchprogramdatastage.Thisisusua

15、llythecaseinlowcostapplicationsuchasthecontrollersusedinmicrowaveovensautomaticwashingmachines.Theuseofsinglepackageallowsconsiderablecostsavingstoemadewhenarticlesaremanufacturedinlargequantities.Astechnologydevelopsmem

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